‘If I were prime minister’: Political attentiveness in young children’s drawings

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37291/jces.721

Keywords:

Political socialization, Childhood, Political attentiveness, Political issue interest, Drawings

Abstract

The present study investigates how children (6–9-year-olds) express political attentiveness through drawings, based on the prompt: What would you decide if you were prime minister for a day? The study explores which political issues children are engaged with and attentive to, and how they relate to individual versus collective concerns. The sample consists of 196 drawings, analyzed thematically, with attention to age and gender. The findings show that children display political attentiveness by articulating a wide range of decisions, from personal wishes to broader societal issues. The most salient variation lay in whether the children’s decisions served themselves, a collective, or others beyond themselves. Gender differences were notable: girls more frequently emphasized collective well-being and social justice, whilst boys often prioritized individual desires and self-empowerment. These findings suggest that gendered orientations toward politics may emerge earlier that previously documented. Although not necessarily indicating higher political attentiveness among girls, the results point to divergent orientation from an early age.

👁 Abstract Views: 150📥 PDF Downloads: 50

References

Abendschön, S. (2017). Children and politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(2), 163–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216689119

Abendschön, S., & Tausendpfund, M. (2017). Political knowledge of children and the role of sociostructural factors. The American Behavioral Scientist, 61(2), 204–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216689122

Arendt, H. (2005). The promise of politics. Schocken Books

Barry, N. P. (1989). An introduction to modern political theory. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20201-0

Barton, K. (2016). Social studies in the primary grades: Preparing students for democratic participation. In M. Olson & S. I. Aldenmyr (Eds.), SO-undervisning på mellanstadiet. Forksning og praktik (pp. 13–29). Gleerups.

Bartos, A. E. (2012). Children caring for their worlds: The politics of care and childhood. Political Geography, 31(3), 157–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.12.003

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

Bhavnani, K.-K. (1991). Talking politics: A psychological framing of views from youth in Britain. Cambridge University Press.

Bjerke, H. (2011a). Children as ‘differently equal’ responsible beings: Norwegian children’s views of responsibility. Childhood, 18(1), 67–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568210371987

Bjerke, H. (2011b). ‘It’s the way they do it’: Expressions of agency in child–adult relations at home and school. Children & Society, 25(2), 93–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00266.x

Bjerke, H. (2012). Barns perspektiver på samfunnsborgerskap: Kritiske refleksjoner om rettigheter, ansvar og deltakelse [Doctoral Thesis NTNU]. Trondheim.

Bos, A. L., Greenlee, J. S., Holman, M. R., Oxley, Z. M., & Lay, J. C. (2022). This one’s for the boys: How gendered political socialization limits girls’ political ambition and ınterest. American Political Science Review, 116(2), 484–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421001027

Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2024). Cross-country trends in affective polarization. The review of economics and statistics, 106(2), 1–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01160

Buckingham, D. (2000). The making of citizens: Young people, news and politics. Routledge.

Burdewick, I. (2003). Jugend-politik-anerkennung. Eine qualitative empirische Studie zur politischen partizipation 11- bis 18-Jähriger. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-93460-4_3

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W., & Stokes, D. (1980). The american voter (Unabridged ed.). The University of Chicago Press.

Clark, A., Moss, P., & Kjørholt, A. T. (2005). Beyond listening: Children's perspectives on early childhood services. Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89j0f

Connell, R. W. (1971). The child's construction of politics. Melbourne University Press.

Connell, R. W. (2005). Work/life balance, gender equity and social change. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 40(3), 369–383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2005.tb00978.x

Cox, S. (2005). Intention and meaning in young children's drawing. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 24(2), 115–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2005.00432.x

Culture and Equality Department. (2024). Strategy for equality between woman and men 2025-2030. The Norwegian government. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/strategi-for-likestilling-mellom-kvinner-og-menn-2025-2030/id3077968/

Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179–1206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2111549

Dittmar, K. (2015). Navigating gendered terrain: Stereotypes and strategy in political campaigns. Temple University Press.

Einarsdottir, J. (2007). Research with children: methodological and ethical challenges. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 197–211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321477

Eisenberg, N., Shell, R., Pasternack, J., Lennon, R., Beller, R., & Mathy, R. M. (1987). Prosocial development in middle childhood: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 712–718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.712

Fargas-Malet, M., McSherry, D., Larkin, E., & Robinson, C. (2010). Research with children: Methodological issues and innovative techniques. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(2), 175–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X09345412

Farthing, R. (2010). The politics of youthful antipolitics: Representing the ‘issue’ of youth participation in politics. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 181–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260903233696

Fox, R. L., & Lawless, J. L. (2014). Uncovering the origins of the gender gap in political ambition. American Political Science Review, 108(3), 499–519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000227

Fraile, M., & Sánchez‐Vítores, I. (2020). Tracing the gender gap in political interest over the life span: A panel analysis. Political Psychology, 41(1), 89–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12600

Freeden, M. (2008). Thinking politically and thinking about politics: language, interpretation, and ideology. In D. Leopold & M. Stears (Eds.), Political theory: Methods and approaches (pp. 196–215). Oxford University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230082.003.0011

Frödin, O. (2011). The art of the possible - the bullet or the ballot box: Defining politics in the emerging global order. Theoria: Journal of Social and Poltical Theory, 58, 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2011.5812801

García-Albacete, G., & Hoskins, B. (2024). The gender gap in political efficacy: the accelerating effect of classroom discussions. Social Forces, 103(3), 1167–1185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soae100

Gautam, S., Owen Hall, R., Suddendorf, T., & Redshaw, J. (2023). Counterfactual choices and moral judgments in children. Child Development, 94(5), e296–e307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13943

Gomart, E., & Hajer, M. (2002). Is that politics? For an inquiry into forms in contemporary politics In B. Joerges & H. Nowotny (Eds.), Looking back ahead: The 2002 yearbook of the sociology of the sciences (pp. 33–62). Kluwer Publishers DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0185-4_3

Goul-Andersen, J. (2004). Et ganske levende demokrati. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Haug, L. (2013). A picture paints a thousand words: Children`s drawings as a medium to study early political socialisation. In S. Abendschön (Ed.), Growing into politics - contexts and timing of political socialisation (pp. 231–264). ECPR Press.

Haug, L. (2017). "Without politics ıt would be like a robbery without police”: Children’s ınterest in politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(2), 254–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216689125

Hess, R. D., & Torney, J. V. (1967). The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. An-chor Books.

Heywood, A. (2013). Politics. Palgrave Macmillian DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27244-7

Isin, E. F. (2005). Engaging, being, political. Political Geography, 24(3), 373–387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.07.002

Jacobi, J. (1991). Sin Mãdchen unpolitischer als Jungen? . In W. Heitmeyer & J. Jacobi (Eds.), Politische sozialisation und ındividualisierung. Perspektiven und chancen politischer bildung (pp. 99–118). Juventa.

Kahne, J., Crow, D., & Lee, N. J. (2013). Different pedagogy, different politics: High school learning opportunities and youth political engagement. Political psychology, 34(3), 419–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00936.x

Kallio, K. P., & Häkli, J. (2011). Are there politics in childhood? Space and Polity, 15(1), 21–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2011.567897

Kulynych, J. (2001). No playing in the public sphere: Democratic theory and the exclusion of children. Social Theory and Practice, 27(2), 231–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract200127211

Kunnskapsdepartementet. (2013). Læreplan i samfunnsfag (SAF01-03). The Norwegian Government. https://data.udir.no/kl06/SAF1-03.pdf

Kunnskapsdepartementet. (2017). Overordnet del – verdier og prinsipper for grunnopplæringen (LK20). The Norwegian Government. https://www.udir.no/lk20/overordnet-del/?lang=nob

Lane, R. (1959). Political life: Why people get ınvolved in politics. Journal of American History, 46(2), 356–356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1891593

Liebel, M., & Saadi, I. (2012). Cultural variations in constructions of children’s participation. In M. Liebel (Ed.), Children’s rights from below. studies in childhood and youth. (pp. 162–182). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230361843_11

Light, P. (1985). The development of view specific representation considered from a sociocognitive standpoint. In N. H. Freeman & M. V. Cox (Eds.), Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation (pp. 214–230). Cambridge University Press

Lorgen, L. C., & Ursin, M. (2021). A children’s election—Dilemmas of children’s political participation. Children & Society, 35(3), 333-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12433

Martinussen, W. (1984). Sosiologisk analyse: En innføring. Universitetsforlaget.

Matthews, J. (1999). The art of childhood and adolescence: The construction of meaning. Falmer Press

Matthews, J. (2003). Drawing and painting: Children and visual representation. Sage DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216521

Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum : Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), Art 20.

Ministry of Education and Research. (2019 ). NOU 2019: 3 Nye sjanser – bedre læring. Kjønnsforskjeller i skoleprestasjoner og utdanningsløp. The Norwegian Government. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2019-3/id2627718/?ch=2

Moore, S. W., Lare, J., & Wagner, K. A. (1985). The child's political world: A longitudinal perspective. Praeger

NESH. (2021). Guidelines for research ethics in the social sciences and the humanities. NESH https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/guidelines/social-sciences-and-humanities/guidelines-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-and-the-humanities/

Niesyto, H. (2006). Bildverstehen als mehrdimensionaler Prozess. Vergleichende Auswertung von bildinterpretationen und methodische reflexion. In M. Winfried & N. Horst (Eds.), Bildinterpretation und bildverstehen: Methodische ansätze aus sozialwissenschaftlicher, kunst-und medienpädagogischer perspektive (pp. 253–286). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90399-6_11

OECD. (2015). The ABC of gender equality in education: Aptitude, behaviour, confidence. OECD-Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264229945-en

Orum, A. M., Cohen, R. S., Grasmuck, S., & Orum, A. W. (1974). Sex, socialization and politics. American Sociological Review, 39(2), 197–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2094232

O'Toole, T. (2003). Engaging with young people's conceptions of the political. Children's Geographies, 1(1), 71–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280302179

Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same or different from research with adults? Childhood 9(3), 321–341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568202009003005

Rancière, J., Panagia, D., & Bowlby, R. (2001). Ten theses on politics. Theory & event, 5(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tae.2001.0028

Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspectives on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510–531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265269

Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In W. D. N. Eisenberg, & R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development, Vol. 3, 5th ed. (pp. 619–700). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2014). Measuring stereotypes of female politicians. Political psychology, 35(2), 245–266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12040

Schoppe, A. (1991). Kinderzeichnung und Lebenswelt. Neue Wege zum verständnis des kindlichen gestaltens. Verlag für Wissenschaft und Kunst GbR.

Schuster, M. (2010). Kinderzeichnungen: Wie sie entstehen, was sie bedeuten (3rd ed.). Reinardt.

Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. Academic Press.

Sheehan, J. (2006). The problem of sovereignty in european history. American Historical Review, 111(1), 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.1.1

Solhaug, T., & Christophersen, K.-A. (2022). Political awareness, concept and measurement. In N. N. Kristensen, T. Denk, M. Olson, & T. Solhaug (Eds.), Perspectives on political awareness: Conceptual, theoretical and methodological ıssues (pp. 35–56). Springer.

Staeheli, L. A., Kofman, E., & Peake, L. (2004). Mapping women, making politics: Feminist perspectives on political geography. Routledge

Thagaard, T. (2003). Systematikk og innlevelse: En innføring i kvalitativ metode (2nd ed.). Fagbokforlaget.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. (2006). Political issue. In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin

Tomasello, M. (2018). A natural history of human morality. Hardvard University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2018.1486605

Utdanningsdirektoratet. (2020). Læreplan i samfunnsfag (SAF01-04). https://www.udir.no/lk20/saf01-04

Utler, S. J. (2021). Political education of young children. Journal of Social Science Education, 20(3), 102-129.

Utler, S. J. (2026). “The Blue party? No, wait, is there really a blue party?” – A study of young Norwegian Primary School children’s perceptions of politics. [Unpublished manuscript]. NTNU. DOI: https://doi.org/10.65214/2164-7992.1731

van Deth, J. W. (2007). Politische themen und probleme. In J. W. van Deth, S. Abendschön, J. Rathke, & M. Vollmar (Eds.), Kinder und Politik: Politische Einstellungen von jungen Kindern im ersten Grundschuljahr (pp. 83–118). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90587-7_3

van Deth, J. W., Abendschön, S., & Vollmar, M. (2011). Children and politics: An empirical reassessment of early political socialization. Political psychology, 32(1), 147–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00798.x

West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002

Wolak, J. (2020). Self-confidence and gender gaps in political ınterest, attention, and efficacy. The Journal of Politics, 82(4), 1490–1501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/708644

Wright, S. (2007). Young children's meaning-making through drawing and ‘telling’:Analogies to filmic textual features. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 32(4), 37–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910703200408

Young, I. M. (1997). Difference as a resource for democratic communication. In J. Bohman & W. Rehg (Eds.), Deliberative democracy. Cambridge Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2324.003.0016

Downloads

Published

2026-07-02

How to Cite

Utler, S. J. (2026). ‘If I were prime minister’: Political attentiveness in young children’s drawings. Journal of Childhood, Education & Society, 7(2), 236–259. https://doi.org/10.37291/jces.721